Medically reviewed by Marina Katz, MD; American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology
REFERENCES:
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, Fourth Edition-Treatment Revision. 2001.
American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of
patients with substance use disorders, second edition. In, American Psychiatric
Association Practice Guidelines: Treatment of Patients With Substance Use
Disorders 2006 May.
Budney AJ, Roffman R, Stephens RS, Walker D. Marijuana dependence and its
treatment. Addiction Science in Clinical Practice 2007 December; 4(1): 4-16.
Callaway E. Regular marijuana usage robs men of sexual highs. Journal of
Sexual Medicine 2009 August; 16: 2.
Elkashef A, Vocci F, Huestis M, et al. Marijuana neurobiology and treatment.
Substance Abuse 2008; 29(3): 17-29.
Looby A, Earleywine M. Negative consequences associated with dependence in
daily cannabis users. Substance Abuse Treatment and Prevention Policy 2007; 2:
3.
Merriam Webster’s Dictionary 2011. www.merriam-webster.com.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Gender and ethnic patterns in drug use
among high school seniors 2003 August; 18(2).
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Teen marijuana use increases, especially
among eighth-graders 2010 December.
New York Times Company. Marijuana and medical marijuana. The New York Times
2011 August 6.
PDR.net. Physicians’ Desk Reference. 2011. http://www.pdr.net.
Pierre JM. Psychosis associated with medicinal marijuana: risk vs. benefits
of medicinal cannabis use. American Journal of Psychiatry 2010 May; 167:
598-599.
Tarter RE, Vanyukov M, Kirisci L, Reynolds M, Clark DB. Predictors of
marijuana use in adolescents before and after licit drug use: examination of the
gateway hypothesis. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006 December; 163:
2134-2140.
Williams JS. Cognitive Deficits in marijuana smokers persist after use stops.
National Institute on Drug Abuse 2003 December;18(5).
Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Spitz MR, et al. Marijuana use and increased risk of
squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Epidemiological Biomarkers
Preview 1999 December; 8(12): 1071-1078.
Zickler P. Marijuana-related disorders, but not prevalence of use, rise over
past decade. National Institute on Drug Abuse 2005 May; 19(6).
Zickler P. Twin study links marijuana abuse, suicide and depression. National
Institute on Drug Abuse 2005 August; 20(2).